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100 Scientists Here are the 100+ greatest scientists from two eras: those born before 1900, and those born after 1900. Those listed in BOLD are of interest to In1Page.net and will be developed with individual pages. Those listed in bold with a HOTLINK have had individual pages built on In1Page.net Those listed in ITALICS were added manually to these AI-generated lists - MY Favorites. |
The 100 most influential scientists in the world, born before 1900.
Albertus Magnus (1193–1280, Germany) Natural science and philosophy
Alessandro Volta (1745–1827, Italy) Invented the electric battery
Alfred Wegener (1880–1930, Germany) Theory of continental drift
André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836, France) Electrodynamics, ampere
Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564, Belgium) Modern human anatomy
Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794, France) Modern chemistry, conservation of mass
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723, Netherlands) Founded microbiology, microscope work
Aristotle (384–322 BCE, Greece) Biology, logic, natural philosophy
Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856, Italy) Avogadro's law, the mole
Blaise Pascal (1623–1662, France) Probability theory, mathematics, physics
Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855, Germany) Mathematics, astronomy, physics
Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778, Sweden) Modern taxonomy, binomial nomenclature
Charles Darwin (1809–1882, UK) Theory of evolution by natural selection
Charles Lyell (1797–1875, UK) Principles of geology, uniformitarianism
Claude Bernard (1813–1878, France) Experimental physiology
Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907, Russia) Periodic table of elements
Edward Jenner (1749–1823, UK) Smallpox vaccine
Edwin Hubble (1889–1953, USA) Expansion of the universe
Enrico Fermi (1901–1954, Italy/USA) Nuclear reactor
Ernst Rutherford (1871–1937, New Zealand/UK) Structure of the atom, radioactivity
Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961, Austria) Quantum wave mechanics
Francis Galton (1822–1911, UK) Eugenics, statistics
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642, Italy) Heliocentrism, experimental method
Georg Ohm (1789–1854, Germany) Ohm's law in electricity
Gregor Mendel (1822–1884, Austria) Laws of heredity
Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851, Denmark) Electromagnetism
Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894, Germany) Electromagnetic waves
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857–1894, Germany) Proved existence of electromagnetic waves
Henri Becquerel (1852–1908, France) Discovery of radioactivity
Hippocrates (c. 460–370 BCE, Greece) Medicine, medical ethics
Humphry Davy (1778–1829, UK) Chemical elements, electrochemistry
Isaac Newton (1643–1727, UK) Laws of motion, gravity
James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879, UK) Electromagnetism
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829, France) Early evolutionary theory
Johannes Kepler (1571–1630, Germany) Laws of planetary motion
John Dalton (1766–1844, UK) Atomic theory in chemistry
John Hunter (1728–1793, UK) Scientific surgery, anatomy
Joseph Lister (1827–1912, UK) Antiseptic surgery
Joseph Priestley (1733–1804, UK) Discovery of oxygen
Justus von Liebig (1803–1873, Germany) Organic chemistry
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519, Italy) Anatomy, engineering, science
Leonhard Euler (1707–1783, Switzerland) Mathematics, mechanics
Louis Agassiz (1807–1873, Switzerland/USA) Glaciology, paleontology
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895, France) Pasteurization, germ theory
Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906, Austria) Statistical mechanics
Marie Curie (1867–1934, Poland/France) Radioactivity research
Max Born (1882–1970, Germany/UK) Quantum mechanics
Max Planck (1858–1947, Germany) Quantum theory
Michael Faraday (1791–1867, UK) Electromagnetic induction
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543, Poland) Heliocentric model
Paracelsus (1493–1541, Switzerland) Toxicology
Paul Dirac (1902–1984, UK) Quantum field theory
Pierre Curie (1859–1906, France) Radioactivity, Nobel Prize
Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827, France) Probability, celestial mechanics
Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE, Italy) Encyclopedia of natural history
Ptolemy (c. 100–c. 170, Egypt/Roman) Astronomy, mathematics, geography
René Descartes (1596–1650, France) Analytic geometry, philosophy of science
Robert Boyle (1627–1691, Ireland/UK) Modern chemistry
Robert Hooke (1635–1703, UK) Microscopy, elasticity
Robert Koch (1843–1910, Germany) Germ theory of disease, Nobel Prize
Roger Bacon (1214–1292, England) Scientific method in medieval scholasticism
Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902, Germany) Modern pathology, cell theory
Selman Waksman (1888–1973, Russia/USA) Discovery of antibiotics
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939, Austria) Psychoanalysis
Stephen Jay Gould (1941–2002, USA) Punctuated equilibrium (born just after 1900, omitted)
Thomas Edison (1847–1931, USA) Electric light, phonograph, inventing
Tycho Brahe (1546–1601, Denmark) Observational astronomy, star catalogs
Vesalius, Andreas (1514–1564, Belgium) Human anatomy
William Harvey (1578–1657, UK) Blood circulation
William Herschel (1738–1822, Germany/UK) Infrared radiation, planet Uranus
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824–1907, UK) Thermodynamics, Kelvin scale Perplexity
Alessandro Volta (1745–1827, Italy) Invented the electric battery
Alfred Wegener (1880–1930, Germany) Theory of continental drift
André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836, France) Electrodynamics, ampere
Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564, Belgium) Modern human anatomy
Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794, France) Modern chemistry, conservation of mass
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723, Netherlands) Founded microbiology, microscope work
Aristotle (384–322 BCE, Greece) Biology, logic, natural philosophy
Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856, Italy) Avogadro's law, the mole
Blaise Pascal (1623–1662, France) Probability theory, mathematics, physics
Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855, Germany) Mathematics, astronomy, physics
Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778, Sweden) Modern taxonomy, binomial nomenclature
Charles Darwin (1809–1882, UK) Theory of evolution by natural selection
Charles Lyell (1797–1875, UK) Principles of geology, uniformitarianism
Claude Bernard (1813–1878, France) Experimental physiology
Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907, Russia) Periodic table of elements
Edward Jenner (1749–1823, UK) Smallpox vaccine
Edwin Hubble (1889–1953, USA) Expansion of the universe
Enrico Fermi (1901–1954, Italy/USA) Nuclear reactor
Ernst Rutherford (1871–1937, New Zealand/UK) Structure of the atom, radioactivity
Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961, Austria) Quantum wave mechanics
Francis Galton (1822–1911, UK) Eugenics, statistics
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642, Italy) Heliocentrism, experimental method
Georg Ohm (1789–1854, Germany) Ohm's law in electricity
Gregor Mendel (1822–1884, Austria) Laws of heredity
Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851, Denmark) Electromagnetism
Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894, Germany) Electromagnetic waves
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857–1894, Germany) Proved existence of electromagnetic waves
Henri Becquerel (1852–1908, France) Discovery of radioactivity
Hippocrates (c. 460–370 BCE, Greece) Medicine, medical ethics
Humphry Davy (1778–1829, UK) Chemical elements, electrochemistry
Isaac Newton (1643–1727, UK) Laws of motion, gravity
James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879, UK) Electromagnetism
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829, France) Early evolutionary theory
Johannes Kepler (1571–1630, Germany) Laws of planetary motion
John Dalton (1766–1844, UK) Atomic theory in chemistry
John Hunter (1728–1793, UK) Scientific surgery, anatomy
Joseph Lister (1827–1912, UK) Antiseptic surgery
Joseph Priestley (1733–1804, UK) Discovery of oxygen
Justus von Liebig (1803–1873, Germany) Organic chemistry
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519, Italy) Anatomy, engineering, science
Leonhard Euler (1707–1783, Switzerland) Mathematics, mechanics
Louis Agassiz (1807–1873, Switzerland/USA) Glaciology, paleontology
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895, France) Pasteurization, germ theory
Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906, Austria) Statistical mechanics
Marie Curie (1867–1934, Poland/France) Radioactivity research
Max Born (1882–1970, Germany/UK) Quantum mechanics
Max Planck (1858–1947, Germany) Quantum theory
Michael Faraday (1791–1867, UK) Electromagnetic induction
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543, Poland) Heliocentric model
Paracelsus (1493–1541, Switzerland) Toxicology
Paul Dirac (1902–1984, UK) Quantum field theory
Pierre Curie (1859–1906, France) Radioactivity, Nobel Prize
Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827, France) Probability, celestial mechanics
Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE, Italy) Encyclopedia of natural history
Ptolemy (c. 100–c. 170, Egypt/Roman) Astronomy, mathematics, geography
René Descartes (1596–1650, France) Analytic geometry, philosophy of science
Robert Boyle (1627–1691, Ireland/UK) Modern chemistry
Robert Hooke (1635–1703, UK) Microscopy, elasticity
Robert Koch (1843–1910, Germany) Germ theory of disease, Nobel Prize
Roger Bacon (1214–1292, England) Scientific method in medieval scholasticism
Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902, Germany) Modern pathology, cell theory
Selman Waksman (1888–1973, Russia/USA) Discovery of antibiotics
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939, Austria) Psychoanalysis
Stephen Jay Gould (1941–2002, USA) Punctuated equilibrium (born just after 1900, omitted)
Thomas Edison (1847–1931, USA) Electric light, phonograph, inventing
Tycho Brahe (1546–1601, Denmark) Observational astronomy, star catalogs
Vesalius, Andreas (1514–1564, Belgium) Human anatomy
William Harvey (1578–1657, UK) Blood circulation
William Herschel (1738–1822, Germany/UK) Infrared radiation, planet Uranus
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824–1907, UK) Thermodynamics, Kelvin scale Perplexity
The 100 most influential scientists in the world, born after 1900.
Ahmed Zewail (1946–2016, Egypt/USA) Femtochemistry and Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Alan Turing (1912–1954, UK) Founding computer science and cryptography
Albert Sabin (1906–1993, Poland/USA) Oral polio vaccine
Alec Jeffreys (1950–, UK) Inventing DNA fingerprinting
Alexander Prokhorov (1916–2002, Australia/Russia) Masers and lasers, Nobel laureate
Andrew Wiles (1953–, UK) Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem
Andrey Sakharov (1921–1989, Russia) Hydrogen bomb, human rights activism
Antony Hewish (1924–2021, UK) Discovery of pulsars, Nobel laureate
Arno Penzias (1933–, Germany/USA) Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
Barbara McClintock (1902–1992, USA) Discovery of transposons in genetics
Baruch Blumberg (1925–2011, USA) Discovery of hepatitis B virus
Bernard Katz (1911–2003, Germany/UK) Neurophysiology, synaptic transmission
Bob Kahn (1938–, USA) Co-inventing TCP/IP protocols
Brian Greene (1963-, USA) World Science Festival, The Elegant Universe, The Fabrice of the Cosmos.
Carl Sagan (1934-1996, USA) Book/movie Contact, TV series Cosmos, Pioneer plaque and Voyager Golden Record.
Carleton Gajdusek (1923–2008, USA) Research on prion diseases
Chen-Ning Yang (1922–, China/USA) Yang–Mills theory, Nobel physics
Claude Shannon (1916–2001, USA) Information theory founder
Craig Venter (1946–, USA) Human genome sequencing
David Attenborough, Sir (1936-, England) BBC, Life on Earth, Planet Earth, Blue Planet, The Natural World
David Baltimore (1938–, USA) Discoveries in virology and immunology, Nobel Prize
Donald Knuth (1938–, USA) Algorithm analysis and computer science
Donald A. Glaser (1926–2013, USA) Bubble chamber, Nobel Prize in Physics
Edwin Krebs (1918–2009, USA) Reversible protein phosphorylation
Elie Wiesel (1928–2016, Romania/USA) Literature and human rights (better known as writer, for science consider Elie Wiesel replaced with Eliezer Wiesel—no famous scientist by this name; skip)
Elizabeth Blackburn (1948–, Australia/USA) Discovery of telomerase
Emmanuelle Charpentier (1968–, France) CRISPR gene editing technology
Endre Szemerédi (1940–, Hungary/USA) Combinatorics, mathematics
Erwin Chargaff (1905–2002, Austria/USA) Base pairing rules in DNA
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (1947–, France) Co-discovered HIV
Frederick Sanger (1918–2013, UK) DNA sequencing—two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry
Georges Charpak (1924–2010, Poland/France) Particle detectors, Nobel laureate
Gertrude Elion (1918–1999, USA) Drug development and Nobel Prize
Har Gobind Khorana (1922–2011, India/USA) Deciphering the genetic code
Harold Croto (1939–2016, UK) Discovery of fullerenes
Herbert A. Hauptman (1917–2011, USA) Crystallographic structure determination
J. Michael Bishop (1936–, USA) Retroviruses and cancer
Jack Kilby (1923–2005, USA) Inventing the integrated circuit
James D. Watson (1928–, USA) DNA double helix structure
Jean-Pierre Changeux (1936–, France) Neuroscience and molecular biology
Jerome Friedman (1930–, USA) Discovery of quarks, Nobel laureate
John Bardeen (1908–1991, USA) Co-inventor of the transistor, two Nobel Prizes
John C. Mather (1946–, USA) Big Bang and cosmic background explorer
John Gurdon (1933–, UK) Animal cloning, Nobel Prize
John Nash (1928–2015, USA) Mathematical game theory
Joseph Murray (1919–2012, USA) First kidney transplant, Nobel Prize
Jocelyn Bell Burnell (1943–, UK) Discovery of pulsars
Jorge E. Hirsch (1953–, Argentina/USA) Hirsch index (h-index) for scientific productivity
Joshua Lederberg (1925–2008, USA) Genetic recombination, Nobel Prize
Kary Mullis (1944–2019, USA) Invention of PCR technique
Konrad Lorenz (1903–1989, Austria) Ethology and imprinting research
Leon Cooper (1930–, USA) Cooper pairs and BCS theory
Luc Montagnier (1932–2022, France) Co-discovered HIV
Luis Walter Alvarez (1911–1988, USA) Bubble chamber and Nobel Prize
Mario Molina (1943–2020, Mexico) Ozone depletion and Nobel Prize
Marshall Warren Nirenberg (1927–2010, USA) Deciphering genetic code
Martin Karplus (1930–, Austria/USA) Computational chemistry, Nobel laureate
Mary-Claire King (1946–, USA) Genetics of breast cancer and human evolution
Max Delbrück (1906–1981, Germany/USA) Bacteriophage genetics
Melvin Calvin (1911–1997, USA) Calvin cycle in photosynthesis
Michael Levin I ) Agency and Mind in life and AI
Murray Gell-Mann (1929–2019, USA) Discovery of quarks
Neil deGrasse Tyson (1958-, USA) Hayden Planetarium, Science Now, Star Talk, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey
Paul Berg (1926–2023, USA) Recombinant DNA technology
Paul Lauterbur (1929–2007, USA) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Peter Higgs (1929–, UK) Higgs boson theory
Philip Anderson (1923–2020, USA) Condensed matter physics
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1932–2007, France) Soft matter physics
Raymond Davis Jr. (1914–2006, USA) Detection of solar neutrinos
Richard Dawkins (1941–, Kenya/UK) Gene-centered evolution, science popularization
Richard Feynman (1918–1988, USA) Quantum electrodynamics
Richard Roberts (1943–, UK) Discovery of split genes
Robert G. Edwards (1925–2013, UK) In-vitro fertilization, Nobel Prize
Robert Huber (1937–, Germany) Protein crystallography, Nobel Prize
Robert W. Holley (1922–1993, USA) Structure of transfer RNA
Roger Penrose (1931–, UK) Mathematical physics and cosmology
Rosalyn Yalow (1921–2011, USA) Radioimmunoassay, Nobel Prize
Rudolph A. Marcus (1923–, Canada/USA) Electron transfer theory, Nobel Prize
Shinya Yamanaka (1962–, Japan) Induced pluripotent stem cells
Sidney Altman (1939–2022, Canada/USA) Catalytic RNA, Nobel Prize
Stanley Cohen (1922–2020, USA) Growth factors, Nobel Prize
Stephen Hawking (1942–2018, UK) Black holes, cosmology
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995, India/USA) Stellar evolution, Nobel Prize
Sydney Brenner (1927–2019, South Africa/UK) Genetic code, molecular biology
Thomas Cech (1947–, USA) Catalytic properties of RNA, Nobel Prize
Tim Berners-Lee (1955–, UK) Inventing the World Wide Web
Walter Gilbert (1932–, USA) DNA sequencing, Nobel Prize
Watson, James D. (1928–, USA) DNA structure discovery
Willard Libby (1908–1980, USA) Radiocarbon dating
William Shockley (1910–1989, USA) Co-inventor of the transistor
Wolfgang Ketterle (1957–, Germany/USA) Bose–Einstein condensate, Nobel Prize
Yuan T. Lee (1936–, Taiwan/USA) Dynamics of chemical reactions, Nobel Prize Perplexity
Alan Turing (1912–1954, UK) Founding computer science and cryptography
Albert Sabin (1906–1993, Poland/USA) Oral polio vaccine
Alec Jeffreys (1950–, UK) Inventing DNA fingerprinting
Alexander Prokhorov (1916–2002, Australia/Russia) Masers and lasers, Nobel laureate
Andrew Wiles (1953–, UK) Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem
Andrey Sakharov (1921–1989, Russia) Hydrogen bomb, human rights activism
Antony Hewish (1924–2021, UK) Discovery of pulsars, Nobel laureate
Arno Penzias (1933–, Germany/USA) Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
Barbara McClintock (1902–1992, USA) Discovery of transposons in genetics
Baruch Blumberg (1925–2011, USA) Discovery of hepatitis B virus
Bernard Katz (1911–2003, Germany/UK) Neurophysiology, synaptic transmission
Bob Kahn (1938–, USA) Co-inventing TCP/IP protocols
Brian Greene (1963-, USA) World Science Festival, The Elegant Universe, The Fabrice of the Cosmos.
Carl Sagan (1934-1996, USA) Book/movie Contact, TV series Cosmos, Pioneer plaque and Voyager Golden Record.
Carleton Gajdusek (1923–2008, USA) Research on prion diseases
Chen-Ning Yang (1922–, China/USA) Yang–Mills theory, Nobel physics
Claude Shannon (1916–2001, USA) Information theory founder
Craig Venter (1946–, USA) Human genome sequencing
David Attenborough, Sir (1936-, England) BBC, Life on Earth, Planet Earth, Blue Planet, The Natural World
David Baltimore (1938–, USA) Discoveries in virology and immunology, Nobel Prize
Donald Knuth (1938–, USA) Algorithm analysis and computer science
Donald A. Glaser (1926–2013, USA) Bubble chamber, Nobel Prize in Physics
Edwin Krebs (1918–2009, USA) Reversible protein phosphorylation
Elie Wiesel (1928–2016, Romania/USA) Literature and human rights (better known as writer, for science consider Elie Wiesel replaced with Eliezer Wiesel—no famous scientist by this name; skip)
Elizabeth Blackburn (1948–, Australia/USA) Discovery of telomerase
Emmanuelle Charpentier (1968–, France) CRISPR gene editing technology
Endre Szemerédi (1940–, Hungary/USA) Combinatorics, mathematics
Erwin Chargaff (1905–2002, Austria/USA) Base pairing rules in DNA
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (1947–, France) Co-discovered HIV
Frederick Sanger (1918–2013, UK) DNA sequencing—two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry
Georges Charpak (1924–2010, Poland/France) Particle detectors, Nobel laureate
Gertrude Elion (1918–1999, USA) Drug development and Nobel Prize
Har Gobind Khorana (1922–2011, India/USA) Deciphering the genetic code
Harold Croto (1939–2016, UK) Discovery of fullerenes
Herbert A. Hauptman (1917–2011, USA) Crystallographic structure determination
J. Michael Bishop (1936–, USA) Retroviruses and cancer
Jack Kilby (1923–2005, USA) Inventing the integrated circuit
James D. Watson (1928–, USA) DNA double helix structure
Jean-Pierre Changeux (1936–, France) Neuroscience and molecular biology
Jerome Friedman (1930–, USA) Discovery of quarks, Nobel laureate
John Bardeen (1908–1991, USA) Co-inventor of the transistor, two Nobel Prizes
John C. Mather (1946–, USA) Big Bang and cosmic background explorer
John Gurdon (1933–, UK) Animal cloning, Nobel Prize
John Nash (1928–2015, USA) Mathematical game theory
Joseph Murray (1919–2012, USA) First kidney transplant, Nobel Prize
Jocelyn Bell Burnell (1943–, UK) Discovery of pulsars
Jorge E. Hirsch (1953–, Argentina/USA) Hirsch index (h-index) for scientific productivity
Joshua Lederberg (1925–2008, USA) Genetic recombination, Nobel Prize
Kary Mullis (1944–2019, USA) Invention of PCR technique
Konrad Lorenz (1903–1989, Austria) Ethology and imprinting research
Leon Cooper (1930–, USA) Cooper pairs and BCS theory
Luc Montagnier (1932–2022, France) Co-discovered HIV
Luis Walter Alvarez (1911–1988, USA) Bubble chamber and Nobel Prize
Mario Molina (1943–2020, Mexico) Ozone depletion and Nobel Prize
Marshall Warren Nirenberg (1927–2010, USA) Deciphering genetic code
Martin Karplus (1930–, Austria/USA) Computational chemistry, Nobel laureate
Mary-Claire King (1946–, USA) Genetics of breast cancer and human evolution
Max Delbrück (1906–1981, Germany/USA) Bacteriophage genetics
Melvin Calvin (1911–1997, USA) Calvin cycle in photosynthesis
Michael Levin I ) Agency and Mind in life and AI
Murray Gell-Mann (1929–2019, USA) Discovery of quarks
Neil deGrasse Tyson (1958-, USA) Hayden Planetarium, Science Now, Star Talk, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey
Paul Berg (1926–2023, USA) Recombinant DNA technology
Paul Lauterbur (1929–2007, USA) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Peter Higgs (1929–, UK) Higgs boson theory
Philip Anderson (1923–2020, USA) Condensed matter physics
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1932–2007, France) Soft matter physics
Raymond Davis Jr. (1914–2006, USA) Detection of solar neutrinos
Richard Dawkins (1941–, Kenya/UK) Gene-centered evolution, science popularization
Richard Feynman (1918–1988, USA) Quantum electrodynamics
Richard Roberts (1943–, UK) Discovery of split genes
Robert G. Edwards (1925–2013, UK) In-vitro fertilization, Nobel Prize
Robert Huber (1937–, Germany) Protein crystallography, Nobel Prize
Robert W. Holley (1922–1993, USA) Structure of transfer RNA
Roger Penrose (1931–, UK) Mathematical physics and cosmology
Rosalyn Yalow (1921–2011, USA) Radioimmunoassay, Nobel Prize
Rudolph A. Marcus (1923–, Canada/USA) Electron transfer theory, Nobel Prize
Shinya Yamanaka (1962–, Japan) Induced pluripotent stem cells
Sidney Altman (1939–2022, Canada/USA) Catalytic RNA, Nobel Prize
Stanley Cohen (1922–2020, USA) Growth factors, Nobel Prize
Stephen Hawking (1942–2018, UK) Black holes, cosmology
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995, India/USA) Stellar evolution, Nobel Prize
Sydney Brenner (1927–2019, South Africa/UK) Genetic code, molecular biology
Thomas Cech (1947–, USA) Catalytic properties of RNA, Nobel Prize
Tim Berners-Lee (1955–, UK) Inventing the World Wide Web
Walter Gilbert (1932–, USA) DNA sequencing, Nobel Prize
Watson, James D. (1928–, USA) DNA structure discovery
Willard Libby (1908–1980, USA) Radiocarbon dating
William Shockley (1910–1989, USA) Co-inventor of the transistor
Wolfgang Ketterle (1957–, Germany/USA) Bose–Einstein condensate, Nobel Prize
Yuan T. Lee (1936–, Taiwan/USA) Dynamics of chemical reactions, Nobel Prize Perplexity