|
People The most influential religious teachers and philosophers in the world Bolded names of prime interest Added manually Click Name below for Summary Click Name below for in depth review |
Here is a list of 100 of the most influential religious teachers in world history, with their name, when and where they lived, and religious context:
Abdolkarim Soroush, 1945-present, Iran, Islamic reform
Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im, 1946-present, Sudan/United States, Islamic law and human rights
Abraham, c. 2000-1800 BCE, Mesopotamia, Judaism/Christianity/Islam
Adi Shankara, 788-820 CE, India, Hinduism
Adin Steinsaltz, 1937-2020, Israel, Jewish mysticism and Talmud
Aimee Semple McPherson, 1890-1944, United States, Pentecostal Christianity
Amina Wadud, 1952-present, United States, Islamic feminism
Arthur Green, 1941-present, United States, Neo-Hasidism
Ayatollah Khomeini, 1902-1989, Iran, Shia Islam
Bart Ehrman, 1955-present, United States, New Testament scholarship
Benny Hinn, 1952-present, Israel/United States, Charismatic Christianity
Beth Moore, 1957-present, United States, Evangelical Christianity
Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, 1896-1977, India/United States, Hare Krishna
Billy Graham, 1918-2018, United States, Evangelical Christianity
Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), c. 563-483 BCE, Ancient India, Buddhism
C.S. Lewis, 1898-1963, United Kingdom, Anglican Christianity
Confucius, 551-479 BCE, China, Confucianism
Dalai Lama XIV, 1935-present, Tibet/India, Tibetan Buddhism
David Hartman, 1931-2013, Israel, Modern Orthodox Judaism
Deepak Chopra, 1946-present, India/United States, New Age spirituality
Desmond Tutu, 1931-2021, South Africa, Anglican Christianity
Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 1906-1945, Germany, Lutheran Christianity
Eckhart Tolle, 1948-present, Germany/Canada, New Age spirituality
Edward Schillebeeckx, 1914-2009, Belgium, Catholic theology
Elaine Pagels, 1943-present, United States, Gnosticism and early Christianity
Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, 1938-present, Romania/United States, Feminist theology
Fethullah Gülen, 1941-present, Turkey, Islamic modernism
Guru Nanak, 1469-1539, Punjab, Sikhism
Gustavo Gutiérrez, 1928-present, Peru, Liberation theology
Hamza Yusuf, 1958-present, United States, Sunni Islam
Hans Küng, 1928-2021, Switzerland, Catholic theology
Henri Nouwen, 1932-1996, Netherlands/United States, Catholic spirituality
Huston Smith, 1919-2016, United States, Comparative religion
Ismar Schorsch, 1935-present, United States, Conservative Judaism
Jesus Christ, c. 4 BCE - 30 CE, Judea, Christianity
Joel Osteen, 1963-present, United States, Prosperity Gospel Christianity
John Calvin, 1509-1564, France/Switzerland, Protestant Christianity
John Piper, 1946-present, United States, Reformed Christianity
John Shelby Spong, 1931-2021, United States, Liberal Christianity
John Wesley, 1703-1791, England, Methodism
Jon Sobrino, 1938-present, El Salvador, Liberation theology
Jonathan Sacks, 1948-2020, United Kingdom, Orthodox Judaism
Joseph Smith, 1805-1844, United States, Mormonism
Joyce Meyer, 1943-present, United States, Charismatic Christianity
Jürgen Moltmann, 1926-present, Germany, Protestant theology
Karen Armstrong, 1944-present, United Kingdom, Comparative religion
Karl Barth, 1886-1968, Switzerland, Protestant theology
L. Ron Hubbard, 1911-1986, United States, Scientology
Laozi, 6th century BCE, China, Taoism
Leonardo Boff, 1938-present, Brazil, Liberation theology
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, 1918-2008, India, Transcendental Meditation
Mahatma Gandhi, 1869-1948, India, Hinduism
Mahavira, 599-527 BCE, Ancient India, Jainism
Maimonides, 1138-1204, Spain/Egypt, Judaism
Marcus Borg, 1942-2015, United States, Progressive Christianity
Martin Luther King Jr, 1929-1968, United States, Protestant Christianity
Martin Luther, 1483-1546, Germany, Protestant Christianity
Mary Daly, 1928-2010, United States, Radical feminism and post-Christian philosophy
Matthew Fox, 1940-present, United States, Creation Spirituality
Miroslav Volf, 1956-present, Croatia/United States, Protestant Christianity
Moses, c. 1391-1271 BCE, Egypt/Canaan, Judaism
Mother Teresa, 1910-1997, India, Catholicism
Muhammad, 570-632 CE, Arabia, Islam
N.T. Wright, 1948-present, United Kingdom, Anglican Christianity
Oral Roberts, 1918-2009, United States, Charismatic Christianity
Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh), 1931-1990, India, New Age spirituality
Paramahansa Yogananda, 1893-1952, India/United States, Hinduism
Paul Tillich, 1886-1965, Germany/United States, Protestant theology
Pema Chödrön, 1936-present, United States, Tibetan Buddhism
Phyllis Trible, 1932-present, United States, Feminist biblical interpretation
Pope Francis, 1936-present, Argentina/Vatican, Catholicism
Pope John Paul II, 1920-2005, Poland/Vatican, Catholicism
Ramdev, 1965-present, India, Yoga and Hinduism
Reinhold Niebuhr, 1892-1971, United States, Protestant theology
Reza Aslan, 1972-present, Iran/United States, Religious studies and Islam
Richard Rohr, 1943-present, United States, Progressive Catholicism
Rick Warren, 1954-present, United States, Evangelical Christianity
Rosemary Radford Ruether, 1936-2022, United States, Feminist theology
Rudolf Bultmann, 1884-1976, Germany, Protestant theology
Rumi, 1207-1273, Persia, Islamic Sufism
Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev, 1957-present, India, Hinduism
Sathya Sai Baba, 1926-2011, India, Hinduism
Seyyed Hossein Nasr, 1933-present, Iran/United States, Islamic philosophy
Shirin Ebadi, 1947-present, Iran, Islamic feminism and human rights
Shmuley Boteach, 1966-present, United States, Orthodox Judaism
Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, 1956-present, India, Hinduism
St. Augustine, 354-430 CE, Roman Empire, Christianity
St. Francis of Assisi, 1181-1226, Italy, Catholicism
St. Paul, c. 5-64 CE, Roman Empire, Christianity
Thomas Aquinas, 1225-1274, Italy, Catholicism
Sun Myung Moon, 1920-2012, Korea, Unification Church
Swami Vivekananda, 1863-1902, India, Hinduism
T.D. Jakes, 1957-present, United States, Nondenominational Christianity
Tariq Ramadan, 1962-present, Switzerland, Islamic studies
Tenzin Palmo, 1943-present, United Kingdom/India, Tibetan Buddhism
Thich Nhat Hanh, 1926-2022, Vietnam, Buddhism
Thomas Merton, 1915-1968, United States, Catholicism and interfaith dialogue
Timothy Keller, 1950-present, United States, Presbyterian Christianity
Yusuf al-Qaradawi, 1926-2022, Egypt/Qatar, Sunni Islam
Zakir Naik, 1965-present, India, Islamic apologetics
Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, 1924-2014, United States, Jewish Renewal
Zoroaster, c. 1500-1000 BCE, Ancient Persia, Zoroastrianism
Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im, 1946-present, Sudan/United States, Islamic law and human rights
Abraham, c. 2000-1800 BCE, Mesopotamia, Judaism/Christianity/Islam
Adi Shankara, 788-820 CE, India, Hinduism
Adin Steinsaltz, 1937-2020, Israel, Jewish mysticism and Talmud
Aimee Semple McPherson, 1890-1944, United States, Pentecostal Christianity
Amina Wadud, 1952-present, United States, Islamic feminism
Arthur Green, 1941-present, United States, Neo-Hasidism
Ayatollah Khomeini, 1902-1989, Iran, Shia Islam
Bart Ehrman, 1955-present, United States, New Testament scholarship
Benny Hinn, 1952-present, Israel/United States, Charismatic Christianity
Beth Moore, 1957-present, United States, Evangelical Christianity
Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, 1896-1977, India/United States, Hare Krishna
Billy Graham, 1918-2018, United States, Evangelical Christianity
Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), c. 563-483 BCE, Ancient India, Buddhism
C.S. Lewis, 1898-1963, United Kingdom, Anglican Christianity
Confucius, 551-479 BCE, China, Confucianism
Dalai Lama XIV, 1935-present, Tibet/India, Tibetan Buddhism
David Hartman, 1931-2013, Israel, Modern Orthodox Judaism
Deepak Chopra, 1946-present, India/United States, New Age spirituality
Desmond Tutu, 1931-2021, South Africa, Anglican Christianity
Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 1906-1945, Germany, Lutheran Christianity
Eckhart Tolle, 1948-present, Germany/Canada, New Age spirituality
Edward Schillebeeckx, 1914-2009, Belgium, Catholic theology
Elaine Pagels, 1943-present, United States, Gnosticism and early Christianity
Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, 1938-present, Romania/United States, Feminist theology
Fethullah Gülen, 1941-present, Turkey, Islamic modernism
Guru Nanak, 1469-1539, Punjab, Sikhism
Gustavo Gutiérrez, 1928-present, Peru, Liberation theology
Hamza Yusuf, 1958-present, United States, Sunni Islam
Hans Küng, 1928-2021, Switzerland, Catholic theology
Henri Nouwen, 1932-1996, Netherlands/United States, Catholic spirituality
Huston Smith, 1919-2016, United States, Comparative religion
Ismar Schorsch, 1935-present, United States, Conservative Judaism
Jesus Christ, c. 4 BCE - 30 CE, Judea, Christianity
Joel Osteen, 1963-present, United States, Prosperity Gospel Christianity
John Calvin, 1509-1564, France/Switzerland, Protestant Christianity
John Piper, 1946-present, United States, Reformed Christianity
John Shelby Spong, 1931-2021, United States, Liberal Christianity
John Wesley, 1703-1791, England, Methodism
Jon Sobrino, 1938-present, El Salvador, Liberation theology
Jonathan Sacks, 1948-2020, United Kingdom, Orthodox Judaism
Joseph Smith, 1805-1844, United States, Mormonism
Joyce Meyer, 1943-present, United States, Charismatic Christianity
Jürgen Moltmann, 1926-present, Germany, Protestant theology
Karen Armstrong, 1944-present, United Kingdom, Comparative religion
Karl Barth, 1886-1968, Switzerland, Protestant theology
L. Ron Hubbard, 1911-1986, United States, Scientology
Laozi, 6th century BCE, China, Taoism
Leonardo Boff, 1938-present, Brazil, Liberation theology
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, 1918-2008, India, Transcendental Meditation
Mahatma Gandhi, 1869-1948, India, Hinduism
Mahavira, 599-527 BCE, Ancient India, Jainism
Maimonides, 1138-1204, Spain/Egypt, Judaism
Marcus Borg, 1942-2015, United States, Progressive Christianity
Martin Luther King Jr, 1929-1968, United States, Protestant Christianity
Martin Luther, 1483-1546, Germany, Protestant Christianity
Mary Daly, 1928-2010, United States, Radical feminism and post-Christian philosophy
Matthew Fox, 1940-present, United States, Creation Spirituality
Miroslav Volf, 1956-present, Croatia/United States, Protestant Christianity
Moses, c. 1391-1271 BCE, Egypt/Canaan, Judaism
Mother Teresa, 1910-1997, India, Catholicism
Muhammad, 570-632 CE, Arabia, Islam
N.T. Wright, 1948-present, United Kingdom, Anglican Christianity
Oral Roberts, 1918-2009, United States, Charismatic Christianity
Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh), 1931-1990, India, New Age spirituality
Paramahansa Yogananda, 1893-1952, India/United States, Hinduism
Paul Tillich, 1886-1965, Germany/United States, Protestant theology
Pema Chödrön, 1936-present, United States, Tibetan Buddhism
Phyllis Trible, 1932-present, United States, Feminist biblical interpretation
Pope Francis, 1936-present, Argentina/Vatican, Catholicism
Pope John Paul II, 1920-2005, Poland/Vatican, Catholicism
Ramdev, 1965-present, India, Yoga and Hinduism
Reinhold Niebuhr, 1892-1971, United States, Protestant theology
Reza Aslan, 1972-present, Iran/United States, Religious studies and Islam
Richard Rohr, 1943-present, United States, Progressive Catholicism
Rick Warren, 1954-present, United States, Evangelical Christianity
Rosemary Radford Ruether, 1936-2022, United States, Feminist theology
Rudolf Bultmann, 1884-1976, Germany, Protestant theology
Rumi, 1207-1273, Persia, Islamic Sufism
Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev, 1957-present, India, Hinduism
Sathya Sai Baba, 1926-2011, India, Hinduism
Seyyed Hossein Nasr, 1933-present, Iran/United States, Islamic philosophy
Shirin Ebadi, 1947-present, Iran, Islamic feminism and human rights
Shmuley Boteach, 1966-present, United States, Orthodox Judaism
Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, 1956-present, India, Hinduism
St. Augustine, 354-430 CE, Roman Empire, Christianity
St. Francis of Assisi, 1181-1226, Italy, Catholicism
St. Paul, c. 5-64 CE, Roman Empire, Christianity
Thomas Aquinas, 1225-1274, Italy, Catholicism
Sun Myung Moon, 1920-2012, Korea, Unification Church
Swami Vivekananda, 1863-1902, India, Hinduism
T.D. Jakes, 1957-present, United States, Nondenominational Christianity
Tariq Ramadan, 1962-present, Switzerland, Islamic studies
Tenzin Palmo, 1943-present, United Kingdom/India, Tibetan Buddhism
Thich Nhat Hanh, 1926-2022, Vietnam, Buddhism
Thomas Merton, 1915-1968, United States, Catholicism and interfaith dialogue
Timothy Keller, 1950-present, United States, Presbyterian Christianity
Yusuf al-Qaradawi, 1926-2022, Egypt/Qatar, Sunni Islam
Zakir Naik, 1965-present, India, Islamic apologetics
Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, 1924-2014, United States, Jewish Renewal
Zoroaster, c. 1500-1000 BCE, Ancient Persia, Zoroastrianism
Here is a list of 100 most influential philosophers in world history, with their name, when and where they lived, and religious context:
Alasdair MacIntyre, 1929-present, United Kingdom, Virtue ethics
Albert Camus, 1913-1960 CE, Algeria/France, Absurdism
Alfred North Whitehead, 1861-1947 CE, England/United States, Process philosophy
Alvin Plantinga, 1932-present, United States, Christian philosophy
Amartya Sen, 1933-present, India, Welfare economics
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius, 480-524 CE, Italy, Christianity
Anselm of Canterbury, 1033-1109 CE, Italy/England, Christianity
Aristotle, 384-322 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Arthur Schopenhauer, 1788-1860 CE, Germany, Atheism
Auguste Comte, 1798-1857 CE, France, Positivism
Augustine of Hippo, 354-430 CE, Roman Africa, Christianity
Averroes, 1126-1198 CE, Islamic Spain, Islam
Avicenna, 980-1037 CE, Persia, Islam
Baruch Spinoza, 1632-1677 CE, Netherlands, Judaism/Pantheism
Bernard Williams, 1929-2003, United Kingdom, Ethics
Bertrand Russell, 1872-1970 CE, United Kingdom, Agnosticism
Blaise Pascal, 1623-1662 CE, France, Christianity
Boethius, 477-524 CE, Italy, Christianity
Charles Taylor, 1931-present, Canada, Communitarianism
Cicero, 106-43 BCE, Ancient Rome, Roman polytheism
Cornel West, 1953-present, United States, Pragmatism/Christianity
Daniel Dennett, 1942-present, United States, Atheism
David Chalmers, 1966-present, Australia, Philosophy of mind
David Hume, 1711-1776 CE, Scotland, Skepticism
Democritus, 460-370 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Derek Parfit, 1942-2017, United Kingdom, Ethics
Donna Haraway, 1944-present, United States, Feminist theory
Edmund Husserl, 1859-1938 CE, Germany, Christianity
Elizabeth Anderson, 1959-present, United States, Social philosoph
Epictetus, 50-135 CE, Ancient Greece/Rome, Stoicism
Epicurus, 341-270 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Francis Bacon, 1561-1626 CE, England, Christianity
Friedrich Nietzsche, 1844-1900 CE, Germany, Atheism
G. E. Moore, 1873-1958 CE, United Kingdom, Analytic philosophy
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 1770-1831 CE, Germany, Christianity
George Berkeley, 1685-1753 CE, Ireland, Christianity
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1646-1716 CE, Germany, Christianity
Gottlob Frege, 1848-1925 CE, Germany, Christianity
Henri Bergson, 1859-1941 CE, France, Judaism/Christianity
Heraclitus, 535-475 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Hilary Putnam, 1926-2016, United States, Pragmatism
Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804 CE, Prussia, Christianity
Jacques Derrida, 1930-2004 CE, Algeria/France, Deconstruction
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778 CE, Switzerland/France, Christianity
Jean-Paul Sartre, 1905-1980 CE, France, Atheism
Jeremy Bentham, 1748-1832 CE, England, Utilitarianism
John Dewey, 1859-1952 CE, United States, Pragmatism
John Locke, 1632-1704 CE, England, Christianity
John Rawls, 1921-2002 CE, United States, Liberal philosophy
John Scotus Eriugena, 815-877 CE, Ireland, Christianity
John Searle, 1932-present, United States, Philosophy of mind
John Stuart Mill, 1806-1873 CE, England, Utilitarianism
Judith Butler, 1956-present, United States, Post-structuralism
Julia Kristeva, 1941-present, Bulgaria/France, Psychoanalysis/Feminism
Jürgen Habermas, 1929-present, Germany, Critical theory
Karl Marx, 1818-1883 CE, Germany, Atheism
Kwame Anthony Appiah, 1954-present, Ghana/United States, Cosmopolitanism
Luce Irigaray, 1930-present, Belgium, Feminist philosophy
Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1889-1951 CE, Austria/United Kingdom, Christianity/Agnosticism
Maimonides, 1135-1204 CE, Spain/Egypt, Judaism
Marcus Aurelius, 121-180 CE, Ancient Rome, Roman polytheism/Stoicism
Martha Nussbaum, 1947-present, United States, Capabilities approach
Martin Heidegger, 1889-1976 CE, Germany, Christianity/Atheism
Mencius, 372-289 BCE, Ancient China, Confucianism
Michael Sandel, 1953-present, United States, Political philosophy
Michel Foucault, 1926-1984 CE, France, Post-structuralism
Niccolò Machiavelli, 1469-1527 CE, Italy, Renaissance humanism
Noam Chomsky, 1928-present, United States, Atheism
Parmenides, 515-450 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Peter Abelard, 1079-1142 CE, France, Christianity
Peter Singer, 1946-present, Australia, Utilitarianism
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, tbd
Plato, 428-348 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Plotinus, 204-270 CE, Ancient Egypt/Rome, Neoplatonism
Pyrrho, 360-270 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Pythagoras, 570-495 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
René Descartes, 1596-1650 CE, France, Christianity
Richard Rorty, 1931-2007 CE, United States, Neopragmatism
Richard Swinburne, 1934-present, United Kingdom, Christian philosophy
Robert Nozick, 1938-2002, United States, Libertarianism
Roland Barthes, 1915-1980 CE, France, Structuralism
Saul Kripke, 1940-present, United States, Analytic philosophy
Seneca the Younger, 4 BCE - 65 CE, Ancient Rome, Roman polytheism
Simone de Beauvoir, 1908-1986 CE, France, Atheism
Simone Weil, 1909-1943 CE, France, Christianity
Slavoj Žižek, 1949-present, Slovenia, Marxism/Psychoanalysis
Socrates, 470-399 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Søren Kierkegaard, 1813-1855 CE, Denmark, Christianity
Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679 CE, England, Christianity
Thomas Kuhn, 1922-1996 CE, United States, Philosophy of science
Thomas Nagel, 1937-present, United States, Philosophy of mind
Willard Van Orman Quine, 1908-2000 CE, United States, Atheism
William James, 1842-1910 CE, United States, Pragmatism
William of Ockham, 1287-1347 CE, England, Christianity
Xunzi, 310-235 BCE, Ancient China, Confucianism
Zeno of Citium, 334-262 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Zeno of Elea, 490-430 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Albert Camus, 1913-1960 CE, Algeria/France, Absurdism
Alfred North Whitehead, 1861-1947 CE, England/United States, Process philosophy
Alvin Plantinga, 1932-present, United States, Christian philosophy
Amartya Sen, 1933-present, India, Welfare economics
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius, 480-524 CE, Italy, Christianity
Anselm of Canterbury, 1033-1109 CE, Italy/England, Christianity
Aristotle, 384-322 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Arthur Schopenhauer, 1788-1860 CE, Germany, Atheism
Auguste Comte, 1798-1857 CE, France, Positivism
Augustine of Hippo, 354-430 CE, Roman Africa, Christianity
Averroes, 1126-1198 CE, Islamic Spain, Islam
Avicenna, 980-1037 CE, Persia, Islam
Baruch Spinoza, 1632-1677 CE, Netherlands, Judaism/Pantheism
Bernard Williams, 1929-2003, United Kingdom, Ethics
Bertrand Russell, 1872-1970 CE, United Kingdom, Agnosticism
Blaise Pascal, 1623-1662 CE, France, Christianity
Boethius, 477-524 CE, Italy, Christianity
Charles Taylor, 1931-present, Canada, Communitarianism
Cicero, 106-43 BCE, Ancient Rome, Roman polytheism
Cornel West, 1953-present, United States, Pragmatism/Christianity
Daniel Dennett, 1942-present, United States, Atheism
David Chalmers, 1966-present, Australia, Philosophy of mind
David Hume, 1711-1776 CE, Scotland, Skepticism
Democritus, 460-370 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Derek Parfit, 1942-2017, United Kingdom, Ethics
Donna Haraway, 1944-present, United States, Feminist theory
Edmund Husserl, 1859-1938 CE, Germany, Christianity
Elizabeth Anderson, 1959-present, United States, Social philosoph
Epictetus, 50-135 CE, Ancient Greece/Rome, Stoicism
Epicurus, 341-270 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Francis Bacon, 1561-1626 CE, England, Christianity
Friedrich Nietzsche, 1844-1900 CE, Germany, Atheism
G. E. Moore, 1873-1958 CE, United Kingdom, Analytic philosophy
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 1770-1831 CE, Germany, Christianity
George Berkeley, 1685-1753 CE, Ireland, Christianity
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1646-1716 CE, Germany, Christianity
Gottlob Frege, 1848-1925 CE, Germany, Christianity
Henri Bergson, 1859-1941 CE, France, Judaism/Christianity
Heraclitus, 535-475 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Hilary Putnam, 1926-2016, United States, Pragmatism
Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804 CE, Prussia, Christianity
Jacques Derrida, 1930-2004 CE, Algeria/France, Deconstruction
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778 CE, Switzerland/France, Christianity
Jean-Paul Sartre, 1905-1980 CE, France, Atheism
Jeremy Bentham, 1748-1832 CE, England, Utilitarianism
John Dewey, 1859-1952 CE, United States, Pragmatism
John Locke, 1632-1704 CE, England, Christianity
John Rawls, 1921-2002 CE, United States, Liberal philosophy
John Scotus Eriugena, 815-877 CE, Ireland, Christianity
John Searle, 1932-present, United States, Philosophy of mind
John Stuart Mill, 1806-1873 CE, England, Utilitarianism
Judith Butler, 1956-present, United States, Post-structuralism
Julia Kristeva, 1941-present, Bulgaria/France, Psychoanalysis/Feminism
Jürgen Habermas, 1929-present, Germany, Critical theory
Karl Marx, 1818-1883 CE, Germany, Atheism
Kwame Anthony Appiah, 1954-present, Ghana/United States, Cosmopolitanism
Luce Irigaray, 1930-present, Belgium, Feminist philosophy
Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1889-1951 CE, Austria/United Kingdom, Christianity/Agnosticism
Maimonides, 1135-1204 CE, Spain/Egypt, Judaism
Marcus Aurelius, 121-180 CE, Ancient Rome, Roman polytheism/Stoicism
Martha Nussbaum, 1947-present, United States, Capabilities approach
Martin Heidegger, 1889-1976 CE, Germany, Christianity/Atheism
Mencius, 372-289 BCE, Ancient China, Confucianism
Michael Sandel, 1953-present, United States, Political philosophy
Michel Foucault, 1926-1984 CE, France, Post-structuralism
Niccolò Machiavelli, 1469-1527 CE, Italy, Renaissance humanism
Noam Chomsky, 1928-present, United States, Atheism
Parmenides, 515-450 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Peter Abelard, 1079-1142 CE, France, Christianity
Peter Singer, 1946-present, Australia, Utilitarianism
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, tbd
Plato, 428-348 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Plotinus, 204-270 CE, Ancient Egypt/Rome, Neoplatonism
Pyrrho, 360-270 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Pythagoras, 570-495 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
René Descartes, 1596-1650 CE, France, Christianity
Richard Rorty, 1931-2007 CE, United States, Neopragmatism
Richard Swinburne, 1934-present, United Kingdom, Christian philosophy
Robert Nozick, 1938-2002, United States, Libertarianism
Roland Barthes, 1915-1980 CE, France, Structuralism
Saul Kripke, 1940-present, United States, Analytic philosophy
Seneca the Younger, 4 BCE - 65 CE, Ancient Rome, Roman polytheism
Simone de Beauvoir, 1908-1986 CE, France, Atheism
Simone Weil, 1909-1943 CE, France, Christianity
Slavoj Žižek, 1949-present, Slovenia, Marxism/Psychoanalysis
Socrates, 470-399 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Søren Kierkegaard, 1813-1855 CE, Denmark, Christianity
Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679 CE, England, Christianity
Thomas Kuhn, 1922-1996 CE, United States, Philosophy of science
Thomas Nagel, 1937-present, United States, Philosophy of mind
Willard Van Orman Quine, 1908-2000 CE, United States, Atheism
William James, 1842-1910 CE, United States, Pragmatism
William of Ockham, 1287-1347 CE, England, Christianity
Xunzi, 310-235 BCE, Ancient China, Confucianism
Zeno of Citium, 334-262 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism
Zeno of Elea, 490-430 BCE, Ancient Greece, Greek polytheism